Pioneer 6, 7, 7, 9, E
Pioneers 6, 7, 8, and 9 were created to make the first detailed, comprehensive measurements of the solar wind, solar magnetic field and cosmic rays. Designed to measure large scale magnetic phenomena and particles and fields in interplanetary space, data from the vehicles has been used to better understand stellar processes as well as the structure and flow of the solar wind. The vehicles also acted as the world's first space-based solar weather network, providing practical data on solar storms which impact communications and power on Earth. A fifth spacecraft, Pioneer E, was lost when it failed to orbit due to a launch vehicle failure. The Pioneer 6-9 program has been touted as one of the least expensive of all NASA spacecraft programs in terms of scientific results per dollar spent. As of 1996, Pioneer 6 was NASA's oldest operational satellite, having been in orbit over 30 years. SpacecraftSpin stabilized at ~60 rpm. Body mounted solar cells provide 79 watts. Payload
6 instruments total including Plasma Analyzer, Cosmic Ray Detector.
Pioneer 10, 11
Pioneers 10 and 11 were the first spacecraft to visit Jupiter (Pioneer 10 and 11) and Saturn (Pioneer 11 only). Acting as pathfinders for the Voyager missions, the vehicles provided the first up-close science observations of these planets, as well as information about the environments that would be encountered by the Voyagers. Instruments aboard the two craft studied Jupiter and Saturn's atmospheres, magnetic fields, moons, and rings, as well as the interplanetary magnetic and dust particle environement, the solar wind, and cosmic rays. Following their planetary encounters, the vehicles continued on escape trajectories from the solar system. At the end of 1995, Pioneer 10 (the first man-made object to leave the solar system) was about 64 AU from the Sun and heading toward interstellar space at 2.6 AU/year. At the same time Pioneer 11 was 44.7 AU from the Sun and heading outward at 2.5 AU/year. Following their planetary encounters, some experiments aboard both spacecraft were turned off to save power as the vehicle's RTG power output degraded. Pioneer 11's mission ended on September 30, 1995 when its RTG power level was insufficient to operate any experiments and the spacecraft could no longer be controlled. Pioneer 10 is expected to operate until sometime in 1997 when its power levels are also expected to fall below the minimum required levels. Both spacecraft carry a plaque with a drawing depicting a man, woman, and the location of the sun and earth in the galaxy as greetings to any extraterrestrials who may find the vehicles. Spacecraft
Spin stabilized at ~5 rpm. Four SNAP-19 RTGs provided 155W (BOL). Attitude controlled by direction finding on communications radio beam. Hexagonal structure of aluminum with boron-epoxy tubes. Hydrazine propulsion with 6 x 1-lbf thrusters. 40 AHr AgCd battery. 49 kbits data storage. 2.74 m dia. parabolic HGA, medium gain and low gain antennas provide S-band communications from 2048 to 16 bps through NASA DSN stations. Deployable 6.6 m boom for magnetometer. One star (Canopus) sensor and two sun sensors for attitude knowledge.
Payload
Instruments carried included a magnetometer, plasma analyzer, charged particle detector, ionizing detector, non-imaging telescopes with overlapping fields of view to detect sunlight reflected from passing meteoroids, micrometeoroid detectors, UV photometer, IR radiometer, and an imaging photopolarimeter. The spacecrafts' radio systems were also used to perform radio science. Pioneer 11 also carried a low-sensitivity fluxgate magnetometer.
